In Kohlberg's theory, which statement describes preconventional reasoning?

In Kohlberg's theory, which statement describes preconventional reasoning?

• A. An individual's response to a moral dilemma is in terms of absolute obedience to authority and rules.
• B. An individual recognizes that there is more than one correct view.
• C. An individual's thoughts are influenced by moral decisions and behaviors.
• D. An individual expands his or her focus from a relationship with others to societal concerns.

Answer: (A)

Preconventional reasoning centers on following external rules and avoiding punishment, with authority figures setting what is right or wrong. The statement about absolute obedience to authority and rules fits this stage best because it reflects judging actions solely by whether they come from authority and the punishment or reward that follows, rather than by any internalized moral principle. The other descriptions point to more advanced stages: recognizing multiple correct views suggests moving beyond rigid rules, decisions and behaviors influenced by morality imply internalized ethics, and expanding concern from personal relationships to broader societal issues indicates conventional or postconventional thinking.

Preconventional reasoning centers on following external rules and avoiding punishment, with authority figures setting what is right or wrong. The statement about absolute obedience to authority and rules fits this stage best because it reflects judging actions solely by whether they come from authority and the punishment or reward that follows, rather than by any internalized moral principle. The other descriptions point to more advanced stages: recognizing multiple correct views suggests moving beyond rigid rules, decisions and behaviors influenced by morality imply internalized ethics, and expanding concern from personal relationships to broader societal issues indicates conventional or postconventional thinking.